Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History

• Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Historical
• Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History War
• Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Timeline
• Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Museum

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Before the introduction of the Metric system, one may divide the history of Indian systems of measurement into three main periods: the pre-Akbar's period, the period of the Akbar system, and the British colonial period.

During pre-Akbar period, weights and measure system varied from region to region, commodity to commodity, and rural to urban areas. The weights were based on the weight of various seeds (specially the wheat berry and Ratti) and lengths were based on the length of arms and width of fingers. Akbar realized a need for a uniform system. He elected the barley corn. Unfortunately, this did not replace the existing system. Instead, it just added another system.

British entered India as traders. They accepted barley corn as a unit 'grain' for weighing gold. Eventually, British introduced their own system for weighing gold (Troy ounce). In 1956, Government of India passed the Standards of Weights Act, that came into effect in 1958.The metric weight mandatory by October 1960, and the metric measures mandatory by April 1962.

Current conversion standard[edit]

In 1956, for metric conversion, the Government of India defined the Standards of Weights and Measures Act (No. 89 of 1956, amended 1960, 1964) as follows:

The current definitions as per the UN are:

Pre-Akbar system[edit]

These are the weights and measures popular in North India before the adoption of the metric system. There were different systems in Bengal, the Presidency of Madras, and Bombay. The following nomenclature was prevalent in North India till the metric system came in:-

4 Chawal (grain of rice) = 1 Dhan (weight of one wheat berry)

4 Dhan = 1 Ratti (Ratti is the seed of the 'Abrus precatorius'. It is a red seed with a black spot at one end. Abul Fazl refers to it as 'Surkh' in Ain-i-Akbari.).

8 Ratti = 1 Masha

12 Masha (96 Ratti) = 1 bhari

24 Ratti (96 Dhan) = 1 Tak

Conversion

1 Bhari = 11.66375 gram

3.75 Troy ounce = 10 bhari

Weight of 64 Dhan (Wheat berries) = Weight of 45 Jau (Barley corns)

Weight of 1 Barley corn = 64.79891 milligrams

Commodity Weight System

1 bhari = 4 Siki

1 Kancha = 5 Siki

1 Chhataank = 4 Kancha

1 Chhataank = 5 bhari

1 Adh-pav = 2 Chhatank = 1/8 Seer

1 Pav = 2 Adh-pav = ¼ Seer (Pav means ¼)

1 Adher = 2 Pav = ½ Seer

In Hindi ½ Seer = Adha (½) Seer, or Adher

1 Ser = 2 Adher = 4 Pav = 16 Chattank = 80 Tola = 933.1 grams

1 Savaser = 1 Ser + 1 Pav (1¼ Seer)

1 Savaser weighed 100 Imperial rupees

In Hindi 1¼ Seer = Sava (1¼) Seer, or Savaser

1 Dhaser = 2 Savaser = 2½ Seer

In Hindi 2½ Seer = Dhai (2½) Seer, or Dhaser

1 Paseri = 2 Adisari = 5 Seer

In Hindi 5 Seer = Panch (5) Seer, or Paseri for short

1 Daseri = 2 Pasri = 10 Seer

In Hindi 10 Seer = Das (10) Seer, or Daseri for short

1 Maund (maan or man[मण]) = 4 Daseri = 8 Pasri = 40 Seer

Rice and Grains Volume Measures

Grains were not weighed. Special hour-glass shaped measure were used to determine the volume.

Smallest unit = 1 Nilve

2 Nilve = 1 Kolve

2 Kolve = 1 Chipte (about quarter litre)

2 Chipte = 1 Mapte (about half litre)

2 Mapte = 1 Ser (about one litre)

Liquid Volume Measures

These were hour glass shaped measure used for Milk, Ghee, Oils. The bottom was round like an inverted dome, the top was like flared rim. This shape helped in pouring the liquids.

4 Chhataank = 1 Pav

4 Pav = 1 Seer

40 Seer = 1 Maund

Length Measure

Measure of length is Gaz. To interpret Gaz, depends on what one is measuring and where they are. Bengal: 36', Bombay: 27', Madras: 33', Government Average: 33'. The hand measurements were used.

Anguli (width of 3 fingers) = 1 Girah

Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Historical

8 Girah = 1 Hath (elbow to the end of the middle finger, approximately 18' )

5 5/6 Hath = One Kathi

20 Kathi = One Pand

1 Pand= 1 Beesa

20 Pand = One Begah

2 Hath = 1 Gaz

3 Gaz = Two Karam

3 Karams = 1 Kan

3 Square Kans = 1 Marla

20 Marlas = 1 Kanal

8 Kanals = 1 Ghamaon

9 Kanals 12 Marlas = 1 Acre^{[citation needed]}

4 Kanals = 1 Begah

Akbar weights and measures[edit]

Akbar standardised weights and measurements using a barley corn (Jau). For weights, he used the weight of a Jau, while the width of a Jau set the standard for length.

1. Length: Ilahi Gaz (33 to 34 inches or 840 to 860 millimetres); 1 Gaz = 16 Grehs; 1 Greh = 2 pais Asdfmovie 20.

At the time of Shah Jahan there existed three different Gaz:^[2]

a) Shahi gaz = 101.6 cm
b) Shahijahani or Lashkari = 95.85 cm
c) Aleppo gaz = 67.73 cm

2. Commodity weight: Ser = 637.74 grams

3. Commodity Spices: The Dam was a copper coin used as a weight as well as currency. 1 Dam = 20 grams

4. Gold and Expensive Spices: Misqal = 6.22 grams

Weights before 1833[edit]

8 rattīs = 1 māshā (= 0.9071856 gram)

12 māshās = 1 tolā (= 10.886227 gram)

80 tolas = 1 ser (= 870.89816 gram)

40 sers = 1 maund (= 34.835926 kilogram)

1 rattī = 1.75 grains (= 0.11339825 gram) (1 grain = 0.064799 gram)

From 1833 the rupee and tolā weight was fixed at 180 grains, i.e. 11.66382 grams. Hence the weight of 1 maund increased to 37.324224 kilogram.^[3]Traditionally one maund represented the weight unit for goods which could be carried over some distance by porters or pack animals.

British system[edit]

Weight gold

British used weight of wheat berries as a standard to make currency coins. British chose Barley corn to weigh gold same as Akbar.
One Troy ounce = 480 Barley corn
1 Troy Ounce = 120 carat
1 Troy pound = 12 Troy ounce

In 1878, the Troy Pound was abolished.

Conversions

Weight of 1 Barley corn = 64.79891 milligrams
Weight of 1 Wheat berry = 45.561732 milligramS
One Troy Ounce = 31.1034768 gramS
64 Wheat berries = 45 Barley corns
3.75 Troy ounce = 10 Tolas

Commodity weight

20 Cwt = 1 Ton avoirdupois = 40 Bushels = 160 Stones
4 Stones = 1 Bushel = 56 Pounds
1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112 Pounds = 2 Bushels = 8 Stones
14 Pounds avoirdupois = 1 Stone avoirdupois
16 Ounces avoirdupois = 1 Pound avoirdupois

Conversion

1 Ounce avoirdupois = 28.349523 grams approx.
1 Pound avoirdupois = 453.59237 grams
1 Ton avoirdupois = 2,240 pounds avoirdupois
Weight of 1 Barley corn = 64.79891 milligrams
One Troy Ounce = 31.1034768 grams
3.75 Troy ounce = 10 Tola

Length

In 1950s, Miles and Furlongs were common markers on the roads in India.

Minimum length = 1 Inch
No-one can say how it evolved. Yinch was the thickness of the thumb, not quite one inch.
12 Inches = 1 Foot
3 Feet = 1 Yard
660 Feet = 1 Furlong
5,280 Feet = 1 Mile
1,760 Yards = 1 Mile
1 Mile = 8 Furlongs
22 Yards = 1 Chain
1 Acre = (1 Chain) × (1 Furlong)

1 Canal mile = 5,000 Imperial feet on canals shown by stone marker each 5,000 feet and also on British maps at 1:63360 scale

and later Pakistan maps at 1:50000 scale. Personally seen in the Punjab but assumed to be used in the whole of India.

Conversion

1 Inch = Span of 6 Barley corns side by side by thickness, although barleycorns are not a reliable standard of measurement.
1 Inch = 2.54 centimetres
1 Foot = 30.48 cm
1 Yard = 0.914 metre
1 Mile = 1.61 Kilometres

References[edit]

1 coss= 2000 yards^[4][5]

Notes

1. ^ ^abcd'What is a seer?'. www.sizes.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
2. ^Levon Khachikian: 'The Ledger of the Merchant Hovhannes Joughayetsi'. Journal of the Asiatic Society, Vol 8, No. 3, 1966, p. 182
3. ^Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive by Col. Henry Yule and A.C. Burnell, Originally published 1903, Reprint, 1968
4. ^Wood, James (1849-01-01). Wood's Royal Southern Kalendar, Tasmanian Register and General Australasian & East Indian Official Directory .. H. Dowling, Jun.
5. ^East-India Register and Directory. W.H. Allen. 1819-01-01.

Sources

• Prinsep, James (editor Edward Thomas): Essays on Indian Antqities, Historic, Numismatic, and Palaeographic, of the late James Prinsep, F.R.S., to which are added his Useful Tables illustrative of Indian History, Chronology, Modern Coinages, Weights, Measures etc. Two Volumes, Reprint, Indological Book House, Delhi and Varanasi, 1971. Originally published in London, 1858.

External links[edit]

Imperialism can be defined as the take over and rule of a weaker nation by a stronger nation. British imperialism in India is the most suitable example to explain how one nation can make use of another nation through total control for profit. But before going into details, there are certain questions that need to be explored like how a small company could take control of such a huge nation and what the impact of imperialism was. Let's go back to the history of British imperialism.

As Indian spices, like Indian wealth, were world famous, so many invaders came to India. With an interest in trade, small European ships in the early 1600s came to South Asia, especially in search of spices. India at that time was being ruled by Mughals from Afghan. So their first encounter was with the Mughal Empire.

Mughal rulers, who were Muslims and Afghans, used to work in close connection with local Hindu rulers. Famous Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-1605) even married Hindu princesses to expand his rule in India. There existed a very strong regionality in India that had never allowed cultural unification of India. This was the weakest point of India. Moreover, India on the political front was never united.

Till 1700, the Mughal Empire enjoyed its peak but then it started to decline in India because Hindu rulers with time went against the biased policies of Mughals. As per these policies, non-Muslims had to pay more taxes. Hindu Marathas dishonored the Mughals, Hindus and Sikhs at large and started disliking the Mughal leadership. So, a sort of turmoil was going on when the British came to India.

On the other hand, Europeans had a more powerful and advanced army. Hence, the regional Nawabs of that time started visiting Europeans for military support and protection. At the same time, Europeans were more interested in trade and Mughals became uninterested in the trade at shore as they used to get revenue from agricultural taxes. So, Mughals were no longer guarding the coast. This gave a way to British and their rule in India.

Seeing India's potential in trade and market, the economic interest of British started growing in India. The East India Company with this interest, set up three trading posts one each at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Initially Europeans traders were kept under control by the strong Mughal Empire. But the decline of Mughal Empire by 1707 made a way for the British to win Indian territories. In 1757, the Battle of Plassey was the first victory of the British East India Company in which Robert Clive was leading the troops.

With time, control of the East India Company over Indian territories started increasing and now it was including modern Bangladesh and most of southern India and almost all the regions along the River Ganges in North India. The East India Company and all its efforts in India as well as London were ultimately regulated by the British Government. But the company had its own army of sepoys that was led by British Officers.

Initially, the British were interested in India for its immense potential for profit. But with the Industrial Revolution in Britain, British interest in India changed to become even more profit oriented. Now, India was the source of raw materials as well as her large population was the possible market for British-made goods. With this, India became the most valuable market and nation for British colonies.

Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History War

But this was totally against the development of India as all sorts of restrictions were put on India to curb the Indian economy. Indians were forced to buy British-made goods and along with this, Indian goods were not allowed to compete with British goods. All the local producers and handloom textile industry of India was put out of business.

The British laid down an extensive railroad network for transporting raw material from interior parts of India. India was a great source of cotton, coffee, tea, jute, indigo and opium. British used to sell opium to China for tea that they sold in England. The British now held economic as well as political power over India. Many villages suffered, as much emphasis was laid on cash crop, rather than on the self-sufficiency of the British. This resulted in the less production of crop for food. Due to this, a great famine in the late 1880s occurred in India. Even the religious as well as traditional life in India started getting affected as British increased the number of missionaries to promote Christianity.

By 1850, almost the entire India was under the control of British, but now a discontent started taking place in the hearts of Indians. Constant racism and British attempts to convert Indians to Christianity was the major reason for this discontent. The outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857 was the first war for independence, in which 85-90 Indian sepoys refused to accept cartridges that they believed were greased with beef and pork fat. The outbreak was so wide that the East India Company took almost a year to regain full control over India. A Hindu and Muslim split was the main reason why Indians were weak in front of the British. Some Hindus were totally against Mughal rule and were in favor of British rule.

But the Mutiny can be called a turning point in Indian history. In 1858, after the Mutiny, the British government took full control of India. Now India directly came under British rule. From then onwards, there was a change in the mindset of Indians as well. They were uniting hands for freedom and from time-to-time Indian history had seen many struggles for freedom.

Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Timeline

British imperialism in India had impacted the nation adversely. First of all, India's wealth was drained to a great extent during this period. British rule in India hit the Indian economy so hard that it was never able to recover. Religious conflicts and gaps expanded. Local handicraft and cotton industries were ruined, as the British wanted to promote and sell their products. Food production was reduced as more and more opium was being produced for selling it to other countries. This led to great famines and poverty in India.

Unit 5: Modern India Mac's History Museum

Though India had suffered a lot, but the past is past and nobody can change it. We must work hard to bring back our lost glory. We must stand united against all the social evils that have now started ruling our country. Let us not again enter into the world of slavery to suffer.

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